These and those- Plural nouns
The words ‘these’ and ‘those’ are demonstrative pronoun which are used for indicating something. We use the word ‘these‘ to point out people or objects which are close to you. On the other hand, ‘those‘ is used to point out people or objects which is farther from you.
| BASIS FOR COMPARISON | THESE | THOSE |
|---|---|---|
| Meaning | This is a pronoun and determiner used to identify someones or somethings near to the speaker. | That is a pronoun and determiner used to identify someones or somethings at a distance to the speaker. |
| Refers to | Somethings which is just mentioned. | Somethings which is previously mentioned. |
| Plural form | This | That |
| Conjunction | No | No |
| Examples | Did you know these people? | Those are not my cup of tea. |
| The water of these rivers are clean and pure. | Bring me those books. | |
| These are very simple exercises. | Who are those boys? |
No, these aren't.
Plural Nouns
What Is a Singular Noun?
A singular noun refers to just one person, animal, place, or an idea.
Examples:
This is my computer.
I met the engineer.
What Is a Plural Noun?
A plural noun is used to denote more than one person, animal, place, or idea.
Examples:
The kids are in the park.
Animals should not be caged in zoos.
Rules for Forming Plural Nouns
There are many rules to form plural nouns.
The general rule in English to form plurals is to add an -s.
Examples:
toy - toys
rat - rats
To make the plurals of nouns ending in -s, -x, -sh, -ch, -ss or -z, add an -es.
Examples:
bus - buses
box - boxes
bush - bush
church - churches
glass - glasses
buzz - buzzes
Some nouns ending in -s or -z are made plural by the -s or -z being doubled prior to adding the -es.
Example:
quiz - quizzes
To make plurals from nouns ending in a -y where the letter before the -y is a consonant, change the y to an i and add an -es.
Examples:
city - cities
country – countries
If the noun ending in a -y is preceded by a vowel, its plural is formed by adding an -s.
Examples:
boy - boys
tray - trays
To make plurals of nouns ending in the letter -f or -fe, change -f and -fe to -v and add an -es.
Example:
wife - wives
There are a few exceptions to this rule. The nouns ending in an -ff take an -s in the plural form.
Example:
cliff - cliffs
The nouns ending in -ief, -oof, eef, ff, or -rf generally take -s to form plurals.
Examples:
belief - beliefs
dwarf - dwarfs
gulf - gulfs
To make plurals of nouns ending in the letter -o, add -es. If -o is preceded by a vowel, just add -s.
Examples:
hero - heroes
foe - foes
If -o is preceded by a vowel, then just add -s.
Examples:
radio - radios
photo - photos
Some nouns remain the same when pluralized.
Examples:
fish - fish
deer - deer
Irregular nouns follow no specific rules, so it’s best to memorize these or look them up in a good dictionary.
Examples:
man - men
mouse - mice
Some irregular plurals are formed by changing the vowels.
Examples:
foot - feet
goose - geese
Some nouns ending in -us can be made plural in two ways: by changing the -us to -i and by adding an -es.
Examples:
cactus - cacti or cactuses
radius - radii or radiuses
stimulus - stimuli or stimuluses
terminus - termini or terminuses
Certain words that end in -us and have come to the English language from Latin become plural by replacing -us with -i.
Examples:
alumnus - alumni
stimulus - stimuli
Words that end in -us and do not have a Latin origin don't come under this rule.
Examples:
status - statuses
octopus - octopuses
If the singular noun ends in -is, the plural ends in -es.
Example:
axis - axes
If the singular noun ends in -on, the plural ends in -a.
Example:
phenomenon - phenomena
Some nouns have no plural form.
Examples:
alphabet
furniture
money
Fruit
Some nouns have no singular form.
Examples:
alms
spectacles
trousers
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